Python dunder

Python dunder

DunderDouble UNDERscore的缩写。指的就是以两个下划线开头和结尾的函数,同时也称作为魔法函数Magic 魔术方法。这些方法通常不直接调用,而是由解释器调用。

运算符重载魔术方法

魔术方法 方法描述
__add__(self, other) add operation using + operator
__sub__(self, other) subtraction operation using - operator.
__mul__(self, other) multiplication operation using * operator.
__floordiv__(self, other) floor division operation using // operator.
__truediv__(self, other) division operation using / operator.
__mod__(self, other) modulo operation using % operator.
__pow__(self, other[, modulo]) calculating the power using ** operator.
__lt__(self, other) comparison using < operator.
__le__(self, other) comparison using <= operator.
__eq__(self, other) comparison using == operator.
__ne__(self, other) comparison using != operator.
__ge__(self, other) comparison using >= operator.

示例: __add__

class Test:
    def __add__(self,dest):
        return self.x + dest.x

    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 10

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.x)

a = Test()
b = Test()
print(a+b)

示例:__ge__

这个方法重载了操作符>=

class Test:
    def __add__(self,dest):
        return self.x + dest.x

    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 10

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.x)

    def __ge__(self,dest):
        return self.x >= dest.x

a = Test()
a.x = 15
b = Test()
b.x = 10

print(a>=b)

属性魔法方法

魔术方法 方法描述
__getattr__(self, name) Is called when the accessing attribute of a class that does not exist.
__setattr__(self, name, value) Is called when assigning a value to the attribute of a class.
__delattr__(self, name) Is called when deleting an attribute of a class.

字符串魔术方法

魔术方法 方法描述
__str__(self) To get called by built-int str() method to return a string representation of a type.
__repr__(self) To get called by built-int repr() method to return a machine readable representation of a type.
__unicode__(self) To get called by built-int unicode() method to return an unicode string of a type.
__format__(self,formatstr) To get called by built-int string.format() method to return a new style of string.
__hash__(self) To get called by built-int hash() method to return an integer.
__nonzero__(self) To get called by built-int bool() method to return True or False.
__dir__(self) To get called by built-int dir() method to return a list of attributes of a class.
__sizeof__(self) To get called by built-int sys.getsizeof() method to return the size of an object.

类型转换魔术方法

魔术方法 方法描述
__int__(self) To get called by built-int int() method to convert a type to an int.
__float__(self) To get called by built-int float() method to convert a type to float.
__complex__(self) To get called by built-int complex() method to convert a type to complex.
__oct__(self) To get called by built-int oct() method to convert a type to octal.
__hex__(self) To get called by built-int hex() method to convert a type to hexadecimal.
__index__(self) To get called on type conversion to an int when the object is used in a slice expression.
__trunc__(self) To get called from math.trunc() method.

增加魔术方法

魔术方法 方法描述
__iadd__(self, other) To get called on addition with assignment e.g. a +=b.
__isub__(self, other) To get called on subtraction with assignment e.g. a -=b.
__imul__(self, other) To get called on multiplication with assignment e.g. a *=b.
__ifloordiv__(self, other) To get called on integer division with assignment e.g. a //=b.
__idiv__(self, other) To get called on division with assignment e.g. a /=b.
__itruediv__(self, other) To get called on true division with assignment
__imod__(self, other) To get called on modulo with assignment e.g. a%=b.
__ipow__(self, other) To get called on exponents with assignment e.g. a **=b.
__ilshift__(self, other) To get called on left bitwise shift with assignment e.g. a<<=b.
__irshift__(self, other) To get called on right bitwise shift with assignment e.g. a >>=b.
__iand__(self, other) To get called on bitwise AND with assignment e.g. a&=b.
__ior__(self, other) To get called on bitwise OR with assignment e.g. a
__ixor__(self, other) To get called on bitwise XOR with assignment e.g. a ^=b.

一元魔术方法

魔术方法 方法描述
__pos__(self) To get called for unary positive e.g. +someobject.
__neg__(self) To get called for unary negative e.g. -someobject.
__abs__(self) To get called by built-in abs() function.
__invert__(self) To get called for inversion using the ~ operator.
__round__(self,n) To get called by built-in round() function.
__floor__(self) To get called by built-in math.floor() function.
__ceil__(self) To get called by built-in math.ceil() function.
__trunc__(self) To get called by built-in math.trunc() function.

初始化魔术方法

魔术方法 方法描述
__new__(cls, other) To get called in an object's instantiation.
__init__(self, other) To get called by the new method.
__del__(self) Destructor method.

属性描述方法

魔术方法 方法描述
__get__(self, instance, owner)
__set__(self, instance, value)
__delete__

这不是一个好理解的方法。可以借助官方手册进行理解。

示例1:

class Ten:
    def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
        return 10
class A:
    x = 5                       # Regular class attribute
    y = Ten()                   # Descriptor instance

a = A()      
print(a.x)                         # Normal attribute lookup
# output 5

print(a.y)                         # Descriptor lookup
# output 10

上下文管理

官方手册

魔术方法 方法描述
__enter__(self)
__exit__(self, *exc)
__aenter__(self)
__aexit__(self, *exc)
from contextlib import ContextDecorator

class Context(ContextDecorator):
    def __enter__(self):
        print("__enter__")
        return self

    def __exit__(self, *exc):
        print("__exit__")
        return None

with Context() as c:
    print("in context")
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创建时间:2022-01-05 04:23:57

最后修改:2022-01-05 04:23:57